Research protocols

Possible side effects

• Nausea
• Headache
• Skin darkening with larger doses
• No corticosteroid effects expected, unlike full ACTH

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - an abandoned investigational drug. Trials used subcutaneous or intranasal doses in the microgram to milligram range for weeks to months, with nerve conduction studies or cognitive scales as endpoints. No approved protocol exists.

Special considerations

• No approved use
• Pregnancy and childhood - untested
• Caution in people with melanoma history because of melanocortin signalling

Possible side effects

• Reported as generally well tolerated in the trials
• Mild gastrointestinal symptoms in some participants
• No long-term safety data
• Injectable products sold online are unregulated and of unknown purity

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol and no legitimate product. Trials used oral doses in the 1–3 mg per day range for 12–24 weeks, and the primary weight-loss endpoints were not met. This is a record of what was studied, not a recommendation.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Active malignancy — growth hormone pathway concerns apply to any GH-derived product
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions
• Headache
• Transient increases in inflammatory markers in some patients
• Long-term safety unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Trials used daily subcutaneous doses in the 2–4 mg range for 4–12 weeks in sarcoidosis-associated small-fibre neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy. Outcomes were mixed and the compound has not progressed to approval; self-administered regimens sold online have no evidence base.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Active cancer
• Competitive athletes should check anti-doping rules

Possible side effects

• Nausea
• Headache
• Back pain
• Nasopharyngitis
• Darkening of existing moles, which requires monitoring

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only outside the approved indication — Scenesse is given as a clinician-inserted subcutaneous implant of 16 mg, repeated every two months during sunny periods. There is no validated protocol for self-administration, and the injectable 'melanotan' sold online is a different, unapproved product.

Special considerations

• Not for cosmetic tanning
• History of melanoma or atypical moles requires dermatological review
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Children outside specialist care
• Any unapproved injectable melanotan product

Possible side effects

• Not established for supplemental use
• Intrathecal administration produced pain, spasticity and weight loss in trials
• Seizure threshold changes are theoretical at high exposure

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - there is no approved human protocol, and none is likely without a delivery method that reaches the brain. Human research measures BDNF in blood as a biomarker rather than dosing it; the intrathecal trials that did dose it were stopped for adverse effects.

Special considerations

• No approved therapeutic use
• Any product claiming to raise brain BDNF directly should be treated with scepticism
• Not for people with seizure disorders outside specialist care

Possible side effects

• Human safety data are minimal, so the true side-effect profile is unknown
• Injection-site irritation reported anecdotally
• Nausea and dizziness reported anecdotally
• Product purity is unregulated in most markets — contamination is a documented problem with research chemicals

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — there is no approved human protocol. Published animal work used doses expressed in micrograms per kilogram, often given by injection for one to four weeks. Widely circulated online 'cycle' numbers come from forums, not from clinical research, and should not be treated as evidence of safety or effectiveness.

Special considerations

• Not established — no clinical contraindication list exists
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood should be treated as absolute unknowns
• Anyone with cancer history should be cautious of anything proposed to promote blood-vessel growth
• Competitive athletes: prohibited under WADA rules

Possible side effects

• Bleeding, including major and access-site bleeding
• Hypotension
• Back pain
• Nausea
• Rare allergic reactions
• Stent thrombosis if anticoagulation is inadequate

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital anticoagulant. In the PCI trials the regimen was a 0.75 mg per kilogram intravenous bolus followed by an infusion of 1.75 mg per kilogram per hour for the duration of the procedure; trials measured major bleeding and major adverse cardiac events at 30 days and one year.

Special considerations

• Active major bleeding
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Severe uncontrolled hypertension
• Not for intramuscular injection
• Kidney impairment requires dose adjustment

Possible side effects

• Peripheral sensory neuropathy, sometimes painful and persistent
• Thrombocytopenia and anaemia
• Herpes zoster reactivation
• Nausea, diarrhoea and constipation
• Fatigue
• Hypotension
• Rare pulmonary toxicity and heart failure

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a specialist cancer medicine. The standard schedule is 1.3 mg per square metre on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a 21-day cycle, given intravenously or subcutaneously, for up to eight cycles; trials used response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival as endpoints, with antiviral prophylaxis and platelet monitoring throughout.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity to bortezomib or boron
• Acute diffuse infiltrative pulmonary disease
• Pericardial disease
• Severe neuropathy requires dose modification
• Pregnancy - harmful to the fetus

Possible side effects

• Nausea, reported by about 40% of treated patients and strongest after the first dose
• Flushing
• Headache and vomiting
• Injection-site reactions
• A transient rise in blood pressure and fall in heart rate after each dose
• Fatigue, dizziness and tingling, less common
• Darkening of the gums or skin with repeated use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only for anything outside the licensed indication. The approved product Vyleesi is a 1.75 mg subcutaneous autoinjector for premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, used on demand at least 45 minutes before activity, no more than once in 24 hours and no more than eight times a month. Unapproved 'PT-141' sold as a research chemical has not been tested for purity or dose accuracy.

Special considerations

• Uncontrolled high blood pressure
• Cardiovascular disease
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Not for use with nitrate medication without medical review

Possible side effects

• Injection-site irritation, reported in the majority of participants in the early human study
• Headache and flushing
• Water retention and joint stiffness with sustained growth-hormone elevation
• Possible effect on blood glucose with long-term IGF-1 elevation
• Unknown long-term risk

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved human protocol exists. The published 12-week study used weekly subcutaneous doses of 30–60 micrograms per kilogram. Long-term safety has not been studied, and internet cycling advice is not clinical evidence.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Cancer history or active malignancy should be discussed with a doctor
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Headache, flushing and dizziness
• Water retention and joint aches
• Tingling or numbness in the hands
• Increased appetite
• Unknown long-term effects of chronic IGF-1 elevation

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Community schedules use roughly 200 micrograms of each peptide once or twice daily, cycling 8–12 weeks on with 2–4 weeks off; 12 syringe units from a 3 ml reconstitution is a common vendor figure. None of this has been evaluated in a trial, and units depend on the exact concentrations in the vial.

Special considerations

• Cancer history or active malignancy
• Diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Headache, flushing and dizziness shortly after dosing
• Water retention and joint aches
• Numbness or tingling in the hands
• Potential consequences of raised IGF-1 with long-term use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved human protocol exists. Human studies used single microgram-per-kilogram doses to characterise GH pulses. Vendor schedules, commonly 100–300 micrograms once or twice daily, sometimes with 200 micrograms of ipamorelin, are community practice rather than clinical evidence.

Special considerations

• Cancer history or active malignancy
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Diabetes or glucose intolerance
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Nausea and vomiting, worst during dose escalation
• Reduced appetite, diarrhoea, constipation
• Injection-site reactions
• Gallbladder events, as with other weight-loss drugs
• Rare: pancreatitis

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — dosing exists only inside clinical trials: weekly subcutaneous cagrilintide, usually escalated to 2.4–4.5 mg, and in CagriSema 2.4 mg cagrilintide with 2.4 mg semaglutide weekly. Escalation is deliberately slow to limit nausea. Reject any 'syringe unit' figure you see online: it depends entirely on how a particular vial was reconstituted and is not a clinical dose.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2
• History of pancreatitis
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Hypertension and heart failure
• Cardiac events including arrhythmia
• Infusion reactions
• Fatigue
• Diarrhoea and nausea
• Thrombocytopenia and anaemia
• Pulmonary hypertension and dyspnoea

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a specialist cancer medicine. Regimens step from 20 mg per square metre on the first doses to 27 mg per square metre twice weekly, or up to 56 to 70 mg per square metre on a once-weekly schedule, in 28-day cycles with dexamethasone; trials tracked progression-free survival with blood pressure, cardiac and renal monitoring.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Uncontrolled hypertension or recent cardiac events require assessment
• Severe liver impairment
• Pregnancy - harmful to the fetus
• Not for intrathecal use

Possible side effects

• Dizziness and headache
• Injection-site reactions
• Agitation or restlessness
• Rare hypersensitivity reactions
• Seizures reported rarely in people with epilepsy

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a prescription product in the countries where it is licensed. Published stroke trials infused 10 to 50 mL intravenously daily for 10 to 21 days, and dementia studies used repeated infusion cycles over months. Most trials are small and several were funded by the manufacturer.

Special considerations

• Epilepsy or a low seizure threshold needs caution
• Severe kidney impairment
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Not for children without specialist assessment

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions, common
• Nausea and headache
• Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, mostly related to the stimulation drugs rather than the antagonist
• Rare hypersensitivity

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - fertility medicine. Licensed options are 0.25 mg subcutaneously daily from the day follicles reach a set size until the trigger, or a single 3 mg dose; trials count premature LH surges and clinical pregnancy rates per cycle.

Special considerations

• Moderate to severe kidney or liver impairment
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Allergy to mannitol in some formulations
• Pregnancy - not applicable to the treatment cycle

Possible side effects

• Acute kidney injury
• Neurotoxicity, paraesthesia and dizziness
• Neuromuscular blockade, rarely apnoea
• Bronchospasm with nebulised use
• Rash
• Nausea

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital antibiotic of last resort. Colistimethate is dosed in international units, commonly a loading dose around 9 million IU followed by maintenance doses adjusted for kidney function, with nebulised regimens used in some centres; modern trials have compared colistin combinations against other agents in resistant infection, with mortality as the endpoint.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Myasthenia gravis
• Kidney impairment requires dose reduction
• Avoid with other nephrotoxic or neuromuscular-blocking drugs where possible

Possible side effects

• Generally well tolerated
• Mild bloating or gastrointestinal discomfort in some people
• Allergic reactions in people sensitive to the source animal (fish, bovine, porcine)
• Supplements often include added vitamins or other ingredients that carry their own risks

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only. Published trials most often used 2.5–10 g per day for 8–24 weeks, taken orally as powder or drink. As a food supplement there is no standard regimen, and no evidence that higher intakes add benefit.

Special considerations

• Allergy to the collagen source
• Kidney disease — added protein intake should be discussed with a doctor
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: limited data, though food-level intake is not considered hazardous
• Should not replace treatment for diagnosed osteoporosis or osteoarthritis

Possible side effects

• Injection-site irritation
• Allergic reactions
• Agitation or sleep disturbance reported
• No systematic long-term safety data

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - licensed in Russia and a few neighbouring countries, where it is given as 10 mg intramuscularly once daily for ten days. Trials are small, often open-label, and mostly reported in Russian; none has been replicated outside the region.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Epilepsy needs caution
• No established paediatric dosing outside licensed countries

Possible side effects

• Unknown in humans
• Theoretical effects on glucose and hormone regulation through somatostatin and ghrelin receptors

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - no human protocol exists. Published work is in rodents, typically using central or intraperitoneal microgram doses over hours to days, and the human peptide differs slightly in length from the rodent form.

Special considerations

• No established human use
• Pregnancy, childhood and any medical condition - no safety data

Possible side effects

• Transient flushing
• Nausea
• Injection-site reactions
• Hypersensitivity, including rare anaphylaxis
• Fluid retention and electrolyte shifts with repeated depot use
• Worsening of allergic or asthmatic symptoms rarely reported with depot use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - diagnostic use. The standard short test uses 250 micrograms intramuscularly or intravenously with cortisol sampled at baseline, 30 and 60 minutes; low-dose variants use 1 microgram with more sensitive assays. Interpretation thresholds differ between assays and are set locally.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity to tetracosactide
• Suspected adrenal crisis - treated immediately with steroid, not tested first
• Active infection with depot use
• Pregnancy only when clearly needed

Possible side effects

• Reported as generally well tolerated in old trials
• Headache, nausea and dizziness reported occasionally
• Long-term safety never assessed
• Unverified product quality in unregulated supply

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Older studies used intravenous or intranasal microgram-to-milligram doses in small groups over days. These figures are historical research details, not guidance.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Driving or operating machinery after use, given its sedative hypothesis
• Concurrent sedative medication should be discussed with a doctor

Possible side effects

• Nausea and diarrhoea
• Rash and pruritus
• Infusion-related reactions
• Raised liver enzymes
• Headache
• Rare hypersensitivity including severe cutaneous reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital antibiotic. Licensed regimens are a single 1500 mg intravenous dose, or 1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg; the DISCOVER trials compared this against vancomycin with optional linezolid switch, with cure assessed at 48 to 72 hours and again at test-of-cure around day 14.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity to glycopeptides
• Caution in severe liver impairment
• Not for Gram-negative infection
• Pregnancy only if clearly needed

Possible side effects

• Raised creatinine kinase and muscle pain, occasionally rhabdomyolysis
• Eosinophilic pneumonia with longer courses
• Diarrhoea and nausea
• Headache
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Injection-site reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital antibiotic. Licensed dosing is 4 mg per kilogram once daily for skin infection and 6 mg per kilogram once daily for bacteraemia and endocarditis, with some guidelines using 8 to 10 mg per kilogram for difficult organisms; creatinine kinase is checked weekly. Trials assess clinical success at a test-of-cure visit 7 to 14 days after the end of therapy.

Special considerations

• Not for community-acquired pneumonia - surfactant inactivates it
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Caution with statins and other myotoxic drugs
• Requires creatinine kinase monitoring

Possible side effects

• Nasal irritation
• Headache
• No serious safety signal identified in trials
• Long-term safety unknown beyond trial durations

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - an investigational drug that is no longer in development. Trials used intranasal doses of about 5 to 15 mg daily, and up to 30 mg twice daily in the progressive supranuclear palsy study, for 12 to 52 weeks, with cognitive scales or time to dependency as endpoints.

Special considerations

• No approved use; it is not available as a medicine
• Nasal or sinus disease would limit the delivery route
• Pregnancy and childhood - untested

Possible side effects

• Injection-site pain, swelling and erythema, often lasting days
• Hot flushes
• Weight gain
• Raised liver enzymes
• Fatigue
• Reduced libido and erectile dysfunction
• Bone density loss with prolonged use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Licensed dosing is a 240 mg subcutaneous loading dose given as two injections, followed by 80 mg subcutaneously every 28 days; phase 3 trials measured testosterone suppression below 50 ng/dL at 3, 6 and 12 months.

Special considerations

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Severe hepatic impairment needs caution
• Long QT syndrome requires monitoring

Possible side effects

• Hyponatraemia and water intoxication, which can cause headache, nausea, confusion and seizures
• Fluid retention and peripheral oedema
• Facial flushing and headache
• Nasal irritation and rhinitis with the spray
• Abdominal cramps
• Rare allergic reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Dosing differs sharply between indications and between tablets, nasal spray and injection, for example 0.1 to 0.2 mg tablets in adults for diabetes insipidus versus weight-based intravenous dosing for haemostasis. Hyponatraemia risk depends on dose, fluid intake and age, and needs monitoring. Nothing here is a dosing suggestion.

Special considerations

• Known or past hyponatraemia
• Polydipsia
• Moderate to severe kidney impairment for diabetes insipidus use
• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
• Heart failure
• Prior hypersensitivity

Possible side effects

• Not studied in humans
• Theoretical cancer risk from growth-factor pathway activation
• Unknown effects on blood pressure and the liver
• Injection-site reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no human protocol exists and no human pharmacokinetic data have been published. Rodent studies used very small doses in the microgram-per-kilogram range. Schedules circulating online are guesses extrapolated from animals, which is a notoriously unreliable way to set a human dose.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Any cancer history — the peptide promotes cell growth
• Neurological conditions without medical advice

Possible side effects

• Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort, mostly early in treatment
• Reduced appetite
• Injection-site reactions
• Gallbladder disease
• Pancreatitis (rare)
• Hypoglycaemia when combined with insulin or a sulfonylurea

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - dulaglutide is a prescription medicine and its use is set by a doctor. Licensed dosing starts at 0.75 mg subcutaneously once weekly and may step up to 1.5, 3 or 4.5 mg weekly; trials ran from 26 weeks to over five years. This describes the label and the literature, not a dosing suggestion.

Special considerations

• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2
• Pregnancy
• Prior serious hypersensitivity to the drug
• Severe gastroparesis needs specialist assessment

Possible side effects

• Anaphylaxis, including in patients without prior exposure
• Headache
• Nausea and diarrhoea
• Injection-site reactions
• Fever
• Rare antibody formation

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a supervised clinical treatment. Licensed dosing is 30 mg subcutaneously, given as three 10 mg injections, with a further 30 mg possible within 24 hours if the attack recurs; patients are observed for anaphylaxis for at least an hour, and the EDEMA trials measured a composite symptom score change over 4 hours.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity to ecallantide
• Must be administered where anaphylaxis can be managed
• Pregnancy only if clearly needed
• Not for histamine-mediated angioedema

Possible side effects

• Injection-site nodules, pain and erythema in almost everyone
• Bacterial pneumonia
• Hypersensitivity, including a rare hypersensitivity reaction on rechallenge
• Diarrhoea and nausea
• Insomnia and depression
• Raised eosinophils

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a specialist HIV medicine. Licensed dosing is 90 mg subcutaneously twice daily into the abdomen, thigh or upper arm, rotating sites; the TORO trials ran 48 weeks with viral load below 400 copies and CD4 change as endpoints. It is only used within a fully suppressive combination regimen.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Not for use as monotherapy
• Caution in patients with a history of pneumonitis
• Pregnancy only in specialist care

Possible side effects

• No systematic safety data in humans
• Injection-site reactions reported anecdotally
• Unverified purity of research-chemical products
• Theoretical concerns about telomerase activation and cancer risk remain unresolved

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. The few published human reports used short courses of injected or sublingual peptide in small groups without control arms. Claims about 'telomere extension' in people are not supported by controlled data.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Any history of cancer — telomerase activation is a theoretical concern
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Autoimmune conditions should be discussed with a doctor

Possible side effects

• Major and minor bleeding
• Thrombocytopenia
• Hypotension
• Nausea
• Access-site complications
• Rare hypersensitivity

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital drug. The PCI regimen is a 180 microgram per kilogram intravenous bolus followed by 2 micrograms per kilogram per minute, with a second bolus ten minutes later in the ESPRIT protocol and the infusion continued for 18 to 24 hours; platelet counts are checked during therapy.

Special considerations

• Active bleeding or a bleeding disorder
• History of stroke within 30 days or any haemorrhagic stroke
• Severe hypertension
• Dialysis dependence
• Recent major surgery or thrombocytopenia

Possible side effects

• Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, common early and dose-related
• Injection-site nodules with the once-weekly microsphere form
• Hypoglycaemia when used with a sulfonylurea
• Headache and dizziness
• Pancreatitis (rare)
• Antibody formation reducing effect

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. The immediate-release label starts at 5 micrograms subcutaneously twice daily within 60 minutes before meals, rising to 10 micrograms twice daily; the once-weekly form is 2 mg subcutaneously. Trial durations were typically 24 to 30 weeks, with EXSCEL following participants for a median of 3.2 years.

Special considerations

• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2
• Pregnancy
• Prior serious hypersensitivity
• Not recommended in severe kidney impairment (eGFR below 30)

Possible side effects

• Not studied in humans
• Theoretical immune reaction to a synthetic D-peptide
• Unknown effect on wound healing and tissue repair, which depend on transient senescence
• Injection-site reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no human protocol exists. Rodent studies used repeated intraperitoneal or intravenous doses measured in milligrams per kilogram over days. There are no published human safety, dosing or pharmacokinetic data, and self-administration schedules sold online are extrapolations from mice.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Cancer history
• Any chemotherapy regimen without oncology review

Possible side effects

• Topical: redness, irritation and itching, especially with higher concentrations
• Copper sensitivity in some people
• Injection safety profile is not established
• Cosmetic products are not tested to the same standard as medicines

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — cosmetic products apply it topically at concentrations usually between 0.05% and 2%. Injectable GHK-Cu has no approved human protocol and different risk entirely; laboratory and animal doses are not translatable to human use.

Special considerations

• Known allergy to the peptide or copper compounds
• Avoid on broken skin
• Unapproved injectables should not be used
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: topical use should be discussed with a clinician

Possible side effects

• Headache, flushing, dizziness
• Water retention and joint aches
• Numbness or tingling in the hands
• Increased appetite
• Prolactin and cortisol can rise transiently

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Doses in human studies were in the microgram-per-kilogram range, given intravenously or subcutaneously for growth-hormone testing. Schedules circulated online, usually 100–300 micrograms once or twice daily, are community practice with no trial evidence behind them.

Special considerations

• Cancer history or active malignancy
• Diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Intense hunger
• Headache, flushing and dizziness
• Water retention, joint pain
• Numbness or tingling in the hands
• Possible desensitisation of the growth-hormone response with continuous use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Human studies used single microgram-per-kilogram doses to measure growth-hormone response. Community schedules of 100–300 micrograms two or three times daily are widespread online but have never been evaluated for safety or outcome, and are prohibited in sport.

Special considerations

• Cancer history or active malignancy
• Diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions
• Possible copper excess with high-dose GHK-Cu
• Headache and nausea
• Unknown long-term effects of the combination

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no human protocol exists. Vendors describe 10 syringe units daily from a vial reconstituted in 3 ml, which depends entirely on the concentration of that specific vial. The GHK-Cu component is often paired with zinc in community practice, which is not a validated requirement.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Copper-handling disorders such as Wilson's disease
• Cancer history
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Headache reported
• Transient blood pressure change
• No serious safety signal in the small studies
• Long-term safety unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - investigational. Published studies used intravenous doses in the milligram per kilogram range over days in animals and in small human safety work; no adequately powered efficacy trial has been reported.

Special considerations

• No approved use
• Pregnancy and childhood - untested
• Caution with conditions sensitive to NMDA receptor modulation

Possible side effects

• Unknown in humans
• Theoretical effects on pain perception, gut motility and hormone release

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - no human protocol exists. Published experiments use rodent central injections in the picomole to nanomole range or transgenic models; no galanin preparation has been given to humans as a therapy.

Special considerations

• No established human use
• Pregnancy, childhood and any medical condition - no safety data

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions, including lipoatrophy with long-term use
• Post-injection reaction with flushing, chest tightness and palpitations
• Headache
• Nausea
• Arthralgia
• Rarely, a systemic hypersensitivity reaction

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Licensed regimens are 20 mg subcutaneously once daily or 40 mg three times weekly; the pivotal trial ran two years with annualised relapse rate as the primary endpoint, and extension cohorts have followed patients for over a decade, though not in a controlled design.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Pregnancy - use only if clearly needed
• Not for primary progressive multiple sclerosis, where it has no evidence

Possible side effects

• Nausea and vomiting, very common
• Headache
• Transient hyperglycaemia
• Tachycardia
• Injection-site reactions
• Rebound hypoglycaemia if no carbohydrate is eaten afterwards
• Nasal irritation with the powder

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - emergency medicine. The licensed adult dose is 1 mg intramuscularly or subcutaneously, 0.5 mg if under 25 kg, or 3 mg intranasally; hospital infusion protocols for overdose run in milligrams per hour under continuous monitoring. Nasal glucagon trials measured glucose response at 30 minutes.

Special considerations

• Phaeochromocytoma
• Insulinoma, where it can provoke delayed hypoglycaemia
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Starvation or glycogen-depleted states where it may not work

Possible side effects

• Abdominal cramps, bloating and loose stools with oral use
• Flushing, chills or chest tightness during infusion
• Rare bronchospasm with inhaled glutathione
• Infection and vein injury from unsupervised intravenous use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — there is no approved protocol for elective use. Studies have used oral doses of roughly 250–1000 mg daily, inhaled forms, and intravenous doses in the 600–2400 mg range given by a clinician. Intravenous use carries the risks of any infusion and belongs in clinical hands. 'Two to three times a week for 6–12 weeks' schedules circulate online but are not validated regimens.

Special considerations

• Asthma, with inhaled forms
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding — insufficient data
• Liver or kidney impairment — no established dosing
• Any intravenous use without medical supervision

Possible side effects

• Hot flushes and sweats
• Reduced libido
• Bone mineral density loss
• Mood changes and fatigue
• Vaginal dryness
• Bruising or pain at the implant site
• Tumour flare at the start

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. A 3.6 mg implant every 28 days or a 10.8 mg implant every 12 weeks, placed subcutaneously in the abdominal wall, is the licensed pattern; endometriosis treatment is normally limited to six months because of bone density loss, and trials measure hormone suppression and bone mineral density at 6 and 12 months.

Special considerations

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Prior hypersensitivity
• In prostate cancer with spinal metastases, antiandrogen cover is needed during the flare
• Caution with drugs that prolong the QT interval

Possible side effects

• Headache, flushing and dizziness
• Water retention and joint aches
• Numbness or tingling in the hands
• Possible prolactin rise
• Desensitisation of the GH response with sustained use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Human studies used single microgram-per-kilogram doses to characterise growth-hormone release. Community schedules of 100–200 micrograms once or twice daily for limited cycles come from forums, not trials, and the peptide is prohibited in sport.

Special considerations

• Cancer history or active malignancy
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Heart failure or arrhythmia without specialist supervision
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Not studied in humans
• Injection-site reactions
• Unknown effects on glucose control and blood pressure
• Long-term safety unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Rodent studies use microgram-to-milligram-per-kilogram doses, often by injection. A related analogue, humanin-G, has been tested in small human studies of cognitive and metabolic outcomes, but that is a different molecule. Any humanin injection schedule sold online has no trial basis.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Cancer history — the pathways involved are also growth-related
• Metabolic disease without medical supervision

Possible side effects

• Hypoglycaemia, occasionally severe
• Jaw and joint pain, carpal tunnel syndrome
• Swelling and fluid retention
• Headache and injection-site reactions
• Possible promotion of existing cancers

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no human protocol exists for LR3. There are no published human dose-ranging studies; schedules circulating online, such as 20–50 micrograms per day with weekly increases, are entirely anecdotal. Any dose carries a real risk of hypoglycaemia.

Special considerations

• Any history of cancer
• Diabetes or impaired glucose handling
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Retinopathy, which IGF-1 can worsen
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions, very common and often described as burning
• Headache
• Nausea
• Dizziness and fever
• Rare hypersensitivity

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Licensed dosing is 30 mg subcutaneously into the abdomen, repeated after at least 6 hours if the attack persists, with a maximum of three doses in 24 hours; FAST-3 measured time to symptom relief using a composite visual analogue score.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Laryngeal attacks need medical observation even if treated
• Pregnancy only if clearly needed
• No efficacy in histamine-mediated angioedema

Possible side effects

• Hypoglycaemia, including severe episodes
• Weight gain
• Lipohypertrophy at injection sites
• Oedema
• Hypokalaemia
• Allergic and injection-site reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. A common labelled starting basal dose is 0.1 to 0.2 units per kilogram once daily, titrated against fasting glucose every few days; trial protocols used fasting targets of roughly 5.0 to 6.5 mmol/L and ran from six months to over six years in ORIGIN. Insulin is a drug where the wrong number is dangerous, which is why a clinician sets it.

Special considerations

• Current hypoglycaemia
• Prior hypersensitivity to the insulin
• Renal or hepatic impairment requires dose reduction
• Acute illness requires altered dosing and monitoring

Possible side effects

• Nasal irritation and runny nose
• Mild hypoglycaemia in a minority
• Headache
• Hypokalaemia with high systemic exposure

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - investigational. Trials typically used 20 to 40 international units once or twice daily through a metered nasal device for 4 weeks to 12 months, with delayed recall and brain imaging as endpoints, and blood glucose monitored because a fraction is absorbed.

Special considerations

• Recurrent hypoglycaemia
• Significant nasal or sinus disease
• Not for anyone without glucose monitoring in a trial setting
• Pregnancy and childhood - untested

Possible side effects

• Headache and flushing shortly after dosing, reported in early studies
• Increased hunger in some reports
• Water retention and joint discomfort reported anecdotally with growth-hormone-raising agents
• Long-term safety is unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved human protocol exists. Published pharmacokinetic studies used single subcutaneous doses in the microgram-per-kilogram range and measured growth-hormone pulses over hours. Long multi-week 'cycle' schedules circulating online have no controlled human evidence behind them.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Active or previous cancer should be discussed with a doctor, as growth hormone and IGF-1 can promote growth of some tumours
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Injection-site irritation
• Possible copper-related effects with GHK-Cu at high exposure
• Headache, nausea and flushing reported
• No combination safety data exist

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved or studied protocol exists. Community schedules use about 15 syringe units daily from a vial reconstituted with 3 ml of bacteriostatic water; because the unit count depends on the exact concentrations in that particular vial, it cannot be copied from one product to another. No cycle length has been evaluated.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Cancer history
• Wilson's disease or other copper-handling disorders, for the GHK-Cu component
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• No human safety data, so the true side-effect profile is unknown
• Gastrointestinal upset reported anecdotally
• Injection-site irritation with injectable forms
• Activation of melanocortin pathways could in theory affect pigmentation
• Unregulated products carry a real risk of contamination or mislabelling

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved human protocol exists. Animal studies used oral or injected doses in the milligram-per-kilogram range over days to weeks. Doses circulating online come from forum discussion, not from clinical research.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood should be treated as unknown
• Any history of melanoma or pigmented lesions warrants caution with melanocortin-active compounds
• Competitive athletes should check current anti-doping rules

Possible side effects

• No serious adverse events reported in the small published studies
• Transient flushing and mild abdominal discomfort reported
• Long-term safety is unknown because exposure has been brief
• Any effect on early pregnancy is not characterised

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved product exists. Human studies used single intravenous boluses in the 1.6–12.8 nanomoles-per-kilogram range, or short subcutaneous infusions. Fertility applications must be supervised by a reproductive endocrinology team.

Special considerations

• Not established — no approved product exists
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Hormone-sensitive conditions require specialist advice
• Never a substitute for medically supervised fertility treatment

Possible side effects

• Injection-site or application-site irritation
• Possible worsening of inflammation in some conditions
• Cytotoxicity at high concentrations in laboratory studies
• Long-term safety unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. Laboratory work uses microgram-per-millilitre concentrations in cell culture, and animal studies use local or systemic doses. Human trial experience is limited to topical and small infusion studies without a standardised dose; any injected regimen sold online is untested territory.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Autoimmune disease without specialist advice
• Competitive athletes should check anti-doping rules

Possible side effects

• Gallstones and biliary sludge
• Diarrhoea and abdominal pain
• Injection-site nodules and pain
• Hyperglycaemia
• Bradycardia
• Fatigue

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Lanreotide autogel is given as 60 to 120 mg deep subcutaneously every 28 days for acromegaly, or 120 mg every 28 days for neuroendocrine tumours, with dose guided by growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. CLARINET followed participants for a median of 96 weeks with imaging every 12 weeks.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Gallstone disease needs assessment but is not absolute
• Cardiac conduction problems need monitoring
• Pregnancy only if clearly needed

Possible side effects

• Adverse events were similar to placebo in the published trials
• Mild gastrointestinal symptoms
• Headache
• Long-term safety was never established because development stopped

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — there is no approved product. Trials used oral capsules of 0.125–1 mg taken three times daily before meals for 12–52 weeks. It was always investigated as an add-on to a gluten-free diet, never as a replacement.

Special considerations

• Not established — no approved product exists
• Never a substitute for a strict gluten-free diet in coeliac disease
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding data are absent
• Persistent coeliac symptoms require gastroenterology assessment, not supplements

Possible side effects

• Hot flushes and sweats
• Loss of libido and erectile dysfunction
• Bone mineral density loss with prolonged use
• Mood change and fatigue
• Tumour or symptom flare in the first weeks
• Injection-site reactions
• Raised liver enzymes (uncommon)

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Licensed regimens include 3.75 mg intramuscularly monthly or 11.25 mg every three months for prostate cancer, 3.75 mg monthly for endometriosis for up to six months, and weight-based depot dosing in central precocious puberty. Trials use testosterone below 50 ng/dL or oestradiol suppression as the biochemical endpoint and follow bone density over months.

Special considerations

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Prior hypersensitivity to GnRH analogues
• In prostate cancer with spinal metastases, flare needs cover with an antiandrogen

Possible side effects

• Diarrhoea, sometimes severe
• Abdominal distension and flatulence
• Nausea
• Dehydration if diarrhoea is heavy
• Rare reports of severe dehydration in older patients

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Licensed adult dosing is 290 micrograms once daily for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and 145 micrograms once daily for chronic constipation, taken about 30 minutes before the first meal; phase 3 trials ran 12 to 26 weeks and counted complete spontaneous bowel movements and worst abdominal pain over 24-hour recall.

Special considerations

• Children and adolescents under 18 - animal data showed fatal dehydration
• Known or suspected mechanical gastrointestinal obstruction
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Diarrhoea should prompt review

Possible side effects

• Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, mostly during dose escalation
• Constipation and abdominal discomfort
• Gallbladder disease, including gallstones
• Pancreatitis (rare)
• Injection-site reactions
• Hypoglycaemia when combined with insulin or a sulfonylurea
• Thyroid C-cell tumours in rodents — human relevance not established

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — liraglutide is a prescription medicine and its use is set by a doctor. Trials escalated weekly in steps: 0.6 mg to 1.8 mg daily for diabetes, or 0.6 mg to 3.0 mg daily for weight management, over 40–56 weeks. Nothing here is a dosing suggestion.

Special considerations

• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2
• Pregnancy — weight-management use is contraindicated
• Previous serious allergic reaction to liraglutide
• Suspected pancreatitis needs medical assessment before continuing

Possible side effects

• Nausea and vomiting, more common with rapid dose escalation
• Diarrhoea
• Headache and dizziness
• Hypoglycaemia when combined with insulin or a sulfonylurea
• Pancreatitis (rare)
• Injection-site reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Labelled dosing is 10 micrograms subcutaneously once daily for 14 days, then 20 micrograms once daily, injected within an hour before the first meal of the day; ELIXA followed participants for a median of 25 months.

Special considerations

• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2 (per US labelling)
• Pregnancy
• Prior serious hypersensitivity
• Severe gastroparesis warrants specialist assessment

Possible side effects

• Injection-site pain and swelling
• Hypoglycaemia
• Joint and jaw pain, as with the IGF-1 class
• Possible promotion of existing cancers
• Long-term safety unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no human protocol exists. Laboratory work used microgram doses in cell and animal models. Schedules of 200–400 micrograms injected into a specific muscle after training come entirely from community practice, and there is no published human safety or efficacy data.

Special considerations

• Any history of cancer
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Retinopathy or diabetes
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Reported: headache, nausea, fatigue
• Injection-site reactions
• No systematic safety data exist
• Effects on heart rate and blood pressure are unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — there is no approved protocol and no established human dose. Published animal work used microgram-per-kilogram doses. The 200 microgram to 1 mg daily schedules and multi-week 'build-up' charts sold by vendors come from community use, not clinical research, and syringe units depend entirely on the concentration in the vial.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Cardiovascular disease without medical supervision
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Hypoglycaemia, the main safety issue
• Hypertrophy of tonsils and adenoids, sometimes needing surgery
• Headache
• Injection-site reactions and lipohypertrophy
• Raised intracranial pressure with papilloedema
• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis reported in growth-disordered children

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a specialist paediatric prescription. Labelled dosing starts at 40 to 80 micrograms per kilogram subcutaneously twice daily and rises as tolerated to a maximum of 120 micrograms per kilogram twice daily, given shortly before or after a meal to reduce hypoglycaemia. Growth is assessed over 6 to 12 month intervals.

Special considerations

• Active or suspected malignancy - must be excluded before starting
• Closed growth plates
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Never a substitute for growth hormone in classical growth hormone deficiency

Possible side effects

• Nausea and vomiting, common in trials
• Facial flushing and spontaneous erections
• Darkening of existing moles and new pigmented lesions
• Changes in blood pressure and heart rate reported
• Cases of severe skin reactions and systemic illness from unregulated products

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — there is no approved protocol and no legitimate supply. Phase I studies used injected microgram doses with monitoring. Products sold online are unregulated, frequently mislabelled, and have been linked to serious adverse events.

Special considerations

• History of melanoma or atypical moles
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Cardiovascular disease
• Any use of unregulated product — this is the main practical contraindication

Possible side effects

• Not established in humans
• Nasal irritation with intranasal use
• Theoretical melanocortin effects such as appetite or skin pigmentation change
• Unknown interactions and purity risks

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - there is no approved human protocol for this modified peptide. Animal work used microgram to milligram per kilogram doses, often intranasally, over days. Human intranasal Semax data come from Russian studies of the unmodified 0.1% solution, which the acetylated amidated variant has never been through.

Special considerations

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• No safety data in children
• Caution with autoimmune or psychiatric conditions
• Not a substitute for any approved treatment

Possible side effects

• Flushing, warmth, chest tightness or breathlessness if infused quickly
• Nausea, headache, dizziness
• Fatigue after infusion
• Infection and vein inflammation from repeated intravenous access
• Oral precursors: mild nausea and itching at higher doses

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved regimen exists. Clinics give infusions of roughly 250–1000 mg over one to several hours, often weekly; the slower the infusion, the milder the side effects. Vendors sell escalating weekly schedules such as 25 mg rising to 150 mg, with syringe units that are meaningless without the vial concentration. Oral precursor trials used 250–1000 mg daily. None of these are validated against a clinical outcome.

Special considerations

• Active cancer — NAD+ supports cell proliferation and the question is unresolved
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Kidney or liver disease
• Intravenous use outside a clinical setting

Possible side effects

• Hypotension
• Headache
• Nausea
• Ventricular arrhythmia in early reports
• Raised creatinine
• Injection-site reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital infusion. The labelled regimen is a 2 microgram per kilogram intravenous bolus optionally followed by an infusion of 0.01 micrograms per kilogram per minute, avoiding a bolus in hypotensive patients; ASCEND-HF randomised over 7,000 patients and measured dyspnoea at 6 and 24 hours plus 30-day death and rehospitalisation.

Special considerations

• Systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg
• Cardiogenic shock
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Inadequate cardiac filling pressures
• Caution with other vasodilators

Possible side effects

• Possible rise in blood pressure at higher doses
• Headache
• Nasal irritation
• Unknown long-term effects

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - investigational. The intranasal stress studies used single low-microgram doses with hormone and symptom measures over hours, while rodent work used central administration in picomole to nanomole amounts. No repeated-dose human protocol has been established.

Special considerations

• Hypertension needs caution
• Pregnancy and childhood - untested
• No approved use for any cognitive or psychiatric condition

Possible side effects

• Gallstones and biliary sludge
• Diarrhoea and steatorrhoea
• Abdominal pain and nausea
• Glucose swings, both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia
• Bradycardia
• Injection-site pain
• Hypothyroidism with long-term use

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Short-acting octreotide is typically 50 to 200 micrograms subcutaneously two to three times daily, with higher doses used in carcinoid crisis, while the long-acting depot is commonly 20 to 30 mg intramuscularly every four weeks after a short-acting run-in. Acromegaly endpoints are measured over months, and gallbladder ultrasound is routine during long-term use.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity to octreotide
• Uncontrolled diabetes needs close monitoring rather than avoidance
• Cardiac conduction abnormalities need caution
• Pregnancy only if clearly needed

Possible side effects

• Insomnia and difficulty sleeping
• Raised blood pressure and heart rate
• Anxiety at higher exposure
• Nasal irritation

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - investigational. Human intranasal studies used single doses in the region of 0.3 to 1 mg and measured vigilance and sleepiness for several hours; animal work used central injections in the nanomole range. No repeated-dose human protocol exists.

Special considerations

• Hypertension or cardiac disease
• Insomnia or anxiety disorders
• Pregnancy - untested
• No approved use outside narcolepsy research

Possible side effects

• Uterine hyperstimulation, which can distress the fetus
• Fetal heart-rate changes
• Water intoxication and low blood sodium at high doses with large fluid volumes
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Rare anaphylaxis
• Severe postpartum haemorrhage if bleeding is not managed correctly

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — oxytocin is a hospital medicine given under continuous fetal and maternal monitoring, titrated in milli-units per minute. Intranasal doses of 24–40 IU were used in social-cognition research. It must never be self-administered for labour.

Special considerations

• Cephalopelvic disproportion or unfavourable fetal position
• Fetal distress before labour begins
• Previous major uterine surgery, including classical caesarean
• Umbilical cord prolapse
• Known hypersensitivity to synthetic oxytocin

Possible side effects

• Unknown in humans
• Potential for unverified identity or purity in research supply
• Inflammatory effects of the parent molecule are theoretical at fragment scale

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - no approved human protocol exists. Published experiments used mice and cell cultures, typically microgram doses given intraperitoneally or directly into the brain, over days to weeks. Nothing about those doses translates into a human schedule.

Special considerations

• No established human use
• Pregnancy, childhood and any medical condition - no safety data
• Not a substitute for any approved treatment

Possible side effects

• Headache and migraine provocation
• Flushing
• Transient hypotension and tachycardia
• Gastrointestinal discomfort

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - investigational. Human studies infused 10 to 20 micrograms per kilogram intravenously over about 20 minutes and recorded headache and migraine-like attacks over 12 hours. Animal experiments use far smaller central doses.

Special considerations

• Not for people with migraine outside a research setting
• Cardiovascular disease needs caution
• Pregnancy and childhood - untested

Possible side effects

• Not systematically studied
• Reported: headache, drowsiness, irritability
• Injection-site reactions
• Long-term safety completely unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — there is no approved protocol. Vendor material describes 10 mg vials reconstituted in 1 ml of bacteriostatic water with 10–20 syringe units daily for around 20 days; those figures come from supplier leaflets rather than trials, and the unit count means nothing without an exact concentration.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Neurological or psychiatric conditions without medical advice
• Competitive athletes should check anti-doping rules

Possible side effects

• Diarrhoea
• Abdominal distension
• Flatulence
• Nausea
• Dehydration with severe diarrhoea

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Licensed adult dosing is 3 mg once daily, taken with or without food; the phase 3 programmes ran 12 weeks with a 2-week follow-up and used complete spontaneous bowel movements and abdominal pain as co-primary endpoints.

Special considerations

• Children and adolescents under 18 - animal data showed fatal dehydration
• Known or suspected mechanical gastrointestinal obstruction
• Prior hypersensitivity

Possible side effects

• Nausea, very common and dose-related
• Vomiting and anorexia
• Headache
• Hypoglycaemia, particularly in type 1 diabetes
• Injection-site reactions
• Reduced appetite severe enough to affect nutrition

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. US labelling starts at 15 micrograms subcutaneously before major meals in type 1 diabetes (60 micrograms in type 2) and escalates in 15-microgram steps to a maximum of 60 micrograms as tolerated, with mealtime insulin usually reduced to avoid hypoglycaemia. Trial durations ran 26 to 52 weeks.

Special considerations

• Confirmed gastroparesis
• Hypoglycaemia unawareness
• Poor adherence to insulin or self-monitoring
• Prior serious hypersensitivity
• Pregnancy - insufficient data

Possible side effects

• Nausea
• Flushing and a warm sensation
• Urgent need to urinate
• Dizziness
• Transient changes in blood pressure and heart rate
• Rare arrhythmia

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - an approved diagnostic and an unsuccessful therapeutic. The diagnostic test uses 200 to 500 micrograms intravenously with TSH sampled at 20 to 30 minutes. Neuropsychiatric trials used repeated injections or infusions over days to weeks and did not produce durable benefit.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity
• Untreated adrenal insufficiency
• Cardiac disease needs caution
• Pregnancy only if clearly needed

Possible side effects

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation — the most common reason for stopping
• Reduced appetite and food intake
• Increased resting heart rate
• Gallbladder events
• Pancreatitis and thyroid effects are class-level concerns but not yet characterised for this drug
• Injection-site reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — retatrutide is not available outside clinical trials. The published phase 2 trial escalated weekly subcutaneous doses through 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg and 12 mg over 48 weeks with a maintenance period. Results from later-stage trials have not yet been reported.

Special considerations

• Not established — no approved product exists
• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 are class-level cautions
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding should be treated as unknown
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions
• Headache, nausea, dizziness
• Transient blood-pressure changes during infusion
• Long-term safety unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — protocols exist only inside trials: daily subcutaneous 40 mg in Barth syndrome studies, and intravenous infusions, commonly around 0.25 mg per kilogram per hour, in cardiac and eye trials. There is no validated self-administered regimen, and trial doses bear no relation to the syringe units quoted on vendor charts.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Heart failure or arrhythmia without specialist supervision
• Competitive athletes should check anti-doping rules

Possible side effects

• Nasal irritation, rhinitis and nosebleeds with the spray
• Nausea, flushing and vomiting, especially with injections
• Back pain and joint pain
• Hypocalcaemia with repeated dosing
• Possible increased risk of cancer with long-term use
• Antibody formation reducing effectiveness

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — this is a prescription medicine. Common study regimens were 200 IU daily by nasal spray, or 100 IU by injection. Treatment is time-limited and monitored by a doctor because of the cancer signal and hypocalcaemia risk.

Special considerations

• Preexisting hypocalcaemia
• Hypersensitivity to salmon calcitonin or its excipients
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Long-term use in osteoporosis is no longer recommended in the EU

Possible side effects

• Reported as well tolerated in Russian studies
• Possible nasal irritation with the spray form
• Headache and fatigue reported occasionally
• Independent long-term safety data are not available

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — in Russia it is prescribed as a nasal spray, typically in short courses set by a physician. Western research has no standard protocol, and online recommendations are not clinically validated.

Special considerations

• Hypersensitivity to the peptide
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Concurrent psychiatric medication requires medical review
• Not evaluated in children

Possible side effects

• Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, most common during dose escalation
• Constipation, reflux and abdominal pain
• Appetite loss severe enough to reduce overall nutrient intake
• Gallbladder disease, including gallstones
• Pancreatitis (rare)
• Thyroid C-cell tumours in rodents — human relevance is not established

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — semaglutide is a prescription medicine and its use is determined by a doctor. In published trials the weight-management dose was escalated from 0.25 mg to 2.4 mg subcutaneously once weekly over about 16 weeks; diabetes doses were typically 0.5–1 mg weekly. Trial durations ran 40–104 weeks. Nothing here is a dosing suggestion, and unprescribed use carries real risk.

Special considerations

• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2
• Pregnancy — weight-management use is contraindicated; diabetes in pregnancy needs specialist care
• Previous serious allergic reaction to the drug
• Suspected pancreatitis requires medical assessment before continuing

Possible side effects

• Reported as well tolerated in Russian studies
• Nasal irritation and dryness
• Headache
• Transient anxiety or irritability reported occasionally
• Independent long-term safety data are unavailable

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — in Russia it is prescribed as a 0.1% nasal solution in short courses set by a physician. Western research has no standard protocol, and internet regimens are not clinically validated.

Special considerations

• Hypersensitivity to the peptide
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• History of seizures or psychosis requires medical advice
• Concurrent psychiatric medication should be reviewed by a doctor

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions
• Headache, flushing, dizziness
• Water retention and joint aches
• Increased appetite in some users
• Unknown long-term effects of sustained IGF-1 elevation

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — sermorelin had a licensed diagnostic product in the past, given at around 1 microgram per kilogram intravenously for testing growth-hormone reserve. Compounded 'anti-ageing' regimens using nightly subcutaneous doses in the hundreds of micrograms were never approved on the strength of controlled outcome trials, and the numbers circulated online are not clinical evidence.

Special considerations

• Cancer history or active malignancy
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Human safety profile not established
• Injection-site reactions reported anecdotally
• Headache and lethargy reported anecdotally
• Unverified purity is a real risk with unregulated products

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no approved human protocol exists. Animal studies used injected doses in the microgram-per-kilogram range over days to weeks. Online cycle recommendations are not derived from controlled human research.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding should be treated as unknown
• Caution with any history of cancer, given proposed effects on cell migration and vessel growth
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Abdominal pain and distension
• Nausea
• Intestinal obstruction
• Injection-site reactions
• Fluid overload in some patients
• Growth of intestinal polyps with long-term use
• Raised liver enzymes

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - specialist prescription. The licensed dose is 0.05 mg per kilogram subcutaneously once daily, with a baseline colonoscopy and monitoring for intestinal polyps; the phase 3 trial ran 24 weeks of treatment with a 4-week withdrawal period, measuring parenteral nutrition volume reduction as the primary endpoint.

Special considerations

• Active or suspected gastrointestinal cancer
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Recent intestinal resection needs specialist timing
• Caution with a history of polyps or intestinal obstruction

Possible side effects

• Rash, including rare severe cutaneous reactions
• Thrombocytopenia
• Raised liver enzymes
• Nephrotoxicity
• Injection-site pain
• Infusion-related reactions

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital antibiotic. Loading is typically 6 mg per kilogram (up to 12 mg per kilogram for serious infection) every 12 hours for three to five doses, then once daily with dose adjustment for kidney function; trough levels are monitored in serious infection. Comparative trials assess clinical and microbiological cure at end of treatment.

Special considerations

• Prior hypersensitivity to glycopeptides
• Dose reduction in kidney impairment
• Caution in patients with a history of drug rashes
• Not for Gram-negative infection

Possible side effects

• Nausea and dizziness
• Leg cramps
• Transient hypercalcaemia
• Brief drop in blood pressure after the first doses (orthostatic hypotension)
• Injection-site reactions
• Osteosarcoma observed in rats — a boxed warning; human risk after short courses is not established

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — this is a prescription medicine. The pivotal trial used 20 micrograms subcutaneously once daily for a median of 19 months; regulators limit total treatment to 24 months. Calcium and vitamin D are usually co-prescribed and bone density is monitored.

Special considerations

• Previous skeletal malignancy or prior skeletal radiotherapy
• Paget's disease of bone
• Unexplained elevation of alkaline phosphatase
• Preexisting hypercalcaemia
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Children and young adults with open growth plates

Possible side effects

• Abdominal pain and ischaemic skin necrosis
• Peripheral or gut ischaemia
• Hyponatraemia
• Fluid overload and pulmonary oedema
• Bradycardia
• Respiratory failure was reported more often than placebo in the CONFIRM trial

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital medicine. In hepatorenal syndrome trials terlipressin was given as 0.85 to 1 mg intravenously every four to six hours, escalated when needed toward a maximum of about 12 mg per day, alongside albumin, for up to 14 days; variceal bleeding regimens typically use 1 to 2 mg every four to six hours for two to five days with close monitoring for ischaemia.

Special considerations

• History of ischaemic heart disease or peripheral vascular disease
• Hyponatraemia or fluid overload
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Only for use where ischaemic complications can be monitored

Possible side effects

• Injection-site reactions, sometimes with nodules or bleeding
• Joint pain and peripheral swelling
• Carpal tunnel symptoms
• Raised IGF-1, which requires monitoring
• Possible effects on blood glucose
• Theoretical concern about growth promotion in existing tumours with sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — dosing is set by the prescribing physician. Trials used 2 mg subcutaneously once daily for 26–52 weeks, with IGF-1 monitored periodically. This is not a weight-loss protocol and it is not a general-purpose GH protocol.

Special considerations

• Active malignancy
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Hypersensitivity to tesamorelin or its excipients
• Disrupted pituitary anatomy or hypopituitarism requires specialist assessment
• Preexisting carpal tunnel syndrome should be discussed with a doctor

Possible side effects

• Not systematically studied
• Injection-site reactions
• Allergic reactions to animal-derived material are possible
• Long-term safety and batch consistency unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — there is no approved protocol. Russian publications describe intramuscular courses of 5–10 mg daily for 5–10 days, repeated every few months; these are not validated regimens and product composition varies by manufacturer. No human safety data from regulated trials exist.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Autoimmune disease without specialist advice
• Competitive athletes should check anti-doping rules

Possible side effects

• Injection-site redness or discomfort
• Generally reported as well tolerated in trials
• Rare allergic reactions
• Possible flare of immune-mediated conditions in theory

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — this is a prescription medicine in the countries where it is registered, and standard regimens there are set by the treating physician (commonly 1.6 mg subcutaneously twice weekly for hepatitis indications). Protocols vary widely between trials and are not transferable.

Special considerations

• Hypersensitivity to the peptide
• Organ transplant recipients on immunosuppression require specialist advice
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: limited data
• Autoimmune disease requires medical assessment

Possible side effects

• Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting and constipation, worst during dose escalation
• Reflux, belching and indigestion
• Reduced appetite and reduced food intake
• Injection-site reactions, fatigue and hair loss, all listed among the most common reactions in the FDA label
• Gallbladder disease
• Pancreatitis (rare; serious and sometimes fatal cases reported after marketing)
• Thyroid C-cell tumours in rodents — human relevance unknown

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — tirzepatide is a prescription medicine and dosing is set by a doctor. Trial protocols escalated from 2.5 mg to 5–15 mg subcutaneously once weekly in 2.5 mg steps every four weeks, over 40–72 weeks. This is not a dosing suggestion.

Special considerations

• Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2
• Pregnancy
• Known serious hypersensitivity to tirzepatide
• Active or suspected pancreatitis needs medical review

Possible side effects

• Hot flushes
• Loss of libido and erectile dysfunction
• Bone density loss
• Headache and mood change
• Vaginal dryness and bleeding irregularities
• Injection-site reactions
• Tumour flare at the start of treatment

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - prescription medicine. Typical licensed dosing is 3.75 mg intramuscularly every 28 days or 11.25 mg every three months, with paediatric dosing weight-based and adjusted as the child grows; trials track testosterone, pubertal staging or pain scores over 6 to 12 months.

Special considerations

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Prior hypersensitivity
• Spinal metastases need antiandrogen cover during the flare
• Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding

Possible side effects

• Flushing
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Headache
• Dizziness

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - brain applications are experimental. Inhaled and injectable forms used in trials delivered microgram to nanogram per kilogram doses, and central nervous system studies have mostly been intranasal or intracerebroventricular in animals. No human cognitive protocol exists.

Special considerations

• Low blood pressure or unstable cardiac disease
• Not for use in pregnancy outside specialist care
• No approved use for any cognitive condition

Possible side effects

• Nephrotoxicity, especially with other kidney-toxic drugs
• Red man syndrome from rapid infusion
• Ototoxicity with high exposure
• Neutropenia with prolonged use
• Phlebitis at the infusion site
• Rare thrombocytopenia

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - a hospital antibiotic. Standard intravenous dosing is 15 to 20 mg per kilogram every 8 to 12 hours with the interval adjusted to kidney function, monitored through an AUC/MIC target of about 400 to 600 or trough levels; oral C. difficile dosing is typically 125 mg four times daily for 10 days. Trials follow clinical and microbiological cure at test-of-cure visits.

Special considerations

• Prior severe hypersensitivity to vancomycin
• Must be dose-adjusted in kidney impairment
• Caution with concurrent aminoglycosides or other nephrotoxins
• Rapid infusion should be avoided

Possible side effects

• Injection-site pain and redness
• Headache, nausea and fatigue reported by users
• Compounds proposed to promote blood-vessel growth warrant caution in anyone with a cancer history
• No safety data for the combination

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only — no human protocol exists for the blend. Community schedules use roughly 250–500 micrograms of each peptide once daily, or the same total split morning and evening, for 6–12 weeks. Because the vial is fixed at a 1:1 ratio, adjusting one component changes the other, and syringe units depend entirely on how the vial was reconstituted.

Special considerations

• Not established
• Cancer history
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and childhood
• Prohibited in competitive sport

Possible side effects

• Dizziness and confusion
• Nausea and vomiting
• Nystagmus and abnormal gait
• Memory impairment
• Hallucinations and mood change
• Meningitis with pump complications
• Suicidal ideation reported

Drawn from FDA and EMA product labelling where this peptide is an approved medicine, otherwise from the trial reports listed on its full profile.

Dose and frequency, as studied

Research context only - an implanted intrathecal pump therapy managed by a pain specialist. Titration starts at 2.4 micrograms per day and increases slowly, with a maximum of 19.2 micrograms per day in most patients and no bolus dosing; trials measured pain intensity and adverse events over 3 to 6 weeks of titration.

Special considerations

• Pre-existing psychosis or severe psychiatric disorder
• Known allergy to ziconotide
• Conditions preventing intrathecal pump use
• Not for intravenous, epidural or intramuscular use