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Pick up to three peptides to see how their mechanisms, studied uses and evidence levels differ. Rows where the entries disagree are marked with a blue edge.
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Comparison
GPE (glycyl-prolyl-glutamate)
Cognitive & neuro
Evidence level
Limited evidence
Approval status
Not approved
Mechanism of action
- 1.Binds a site on the NMDA receptor complex, reducing glutamate-driven excitotoxicity.
- 2.Reduces inflammatory signalling in microglia in animal models.
- 3.Protects dopamine neurons in toxin models of Parkinson's disease.
- 4.Does not act through IGF-1 receptors, so it avoids that growth pathway.
- 5.Small enough to be given peripherally and still reach the brain.
Studied for
- Parkinson's disease (small early trials)
- Ischaemic stroke models
- Neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity research
Reported effects
- Tolerability shown in small early studies
- Efficacy in humans is unproven
- Neuroprotective effects in animals are consistent but untranslated
Side effects
- Headache reported
- Transient blood pressure change
- No serious safety signal in the small studies
- Long-term safety unknown
Research protocol
Research context only - investigational. Published studies used intravenous doses in the milligram per kilogram range over days in animals and in small human safety work; no adequately powered efficacy trial has been reported.
Research context only
Evidence justification
Small early-stage human safety studies plus consistent animal data, but no adequately powered trial of any clinical endpoint.