Side by side

1. 1.Proposed to increase activity of telomerase, the enzyme that maintains the protective caps on chromosomes — this has been shown mainly in cell cultures.
2. 2.Suggested to influence melatonin production by the pineal gland.
3. 3.Russian studies describe effects on neuroendocrine regulation and antioxidant status.
4. 4.None of these mechanisms has been confirmed in adequately controlled human trials, so the causal chain is speculative.

• Telomere length and cellular ageing (cell and small animal studies)
• Melatonin rhythm and sleep in older adults (very small studies)
• Antioxidant and neuroendocrine markers
• Longevity claims, which are largely promotional rather than research-based

• Telomerase activation in cultured human cells
• Increased lifespan in some animal models (not replicated broadly)
• Reported improvements in sleep quality in tiny uncontrolled studies
• No demonstrated effect on human disease, lifespan or ageing biomarkers

• No systematic safety data in humans
• Injection-site reactions reported anecdotally
• Unverified purity of research-chemical products
• Theoretical concerns about telomerase activation and cancer risk remain unresolved

Research context only — no approved protocol exists. The few published human reports used short courses of injected or sublingual peptide in small groups without control arms. Claims about 'telomere extension' in people are not supported by controlled data.

Research context only